Wine how does it work

Red wine — made from crushed dark grapes — is a relatively rich source of resveratrol, a natural antioxidant in the skin of grapes. Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress in the body. Oxidative stress has clear links with many diseases, including cancers and heart disease. There are many healthful, antioxidant-rich foods , including fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Whole grapes and berries are better sources of resveratrol than red wine, and because of the health risks linked with drinking alcohol, getting antioxidants from foods is likely to be more healthful than drinking wine.

People may need to drink a lot of red wine to get enough resveratrol to have an effect, which could do more harm than good. That said, when choosing between alcoholic beverages, red wine may be more healthful than some others. Many studies through the years have shown a positive link between moderate red wine drinking and good heart health.

Recently, a review reported that drinking red wine is linked with a lower risk of coronary heart disease , which is a leading cause of disease and death in the United States. Other factors may play a role. For example, people who drink red wine in moderation may also follow a more healthful lifestyle or a Mediterranean diet.

They also point out that excess alcohol can directly harm the heart. A study reports that polyphenols from red wine and grapes can improve the gut microbiota , contributing to a healthy gut. According to research , red wine compounds may also act as prebiotics , which are compounds that boost healthy gut bacteria.

In , researchers suggested red wine could reduce the risk of heart disease through its effects on the gut microbiome. However, the research is limited, and doctors need more evidence before understanding the true effects of red wine on gut health. The scientists believe that the ethanol in wine plays a crucial role in metabolizing glucose and that the nonalcoholic ingredients may also contribute.

They call for more research to confirm the findings. In , scientists reported that red wine compounds called procyanidins help keep the blood vessels healthy. Many people find an alcoholic drink relaxes them, but results published in indicate that nonalcoholic red wine, too, can reduce blood pressure. This could be a more healthful option.

It is important, however, to note that drinking too much alcohol can cause high blood pressure and arrhythmia , or an irregular heart rhythm. A review reports that resveratrol may help protect against secondary brain damage after a stroke or central nervous system injury. This is due to its positive effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death.

Resveratrol may also help prevent vision loss by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, according to research. Many forms of age-related eye conditions that cause vision loss involve these factors, including:.

Some research says that drinking red wine in moderation could reduce the risk of certain cancers. However, the National Cancer Institute say there is strong evidence that drinking alcohol can cause certain cancers, especially drinking heavily over time. This is partly because it creates toxins in the body, damages body tissues, and creates oxidation. This means that the potential adverse effects of alcohol may outweigh any benefit from resveratrol.

The National Cancer Institute links alcohol use with a range of cancers, including mouth, throat, liver, breast, and colon cancer. For most people, enjoying red wine in moderation is safe, but it is important to keep in mind that drinking alcohol in excess is harmful. Some studies, however, link moderate red wine intake with reduced risk or better outcomes in cancer.

The following sections look at specific studies into red wine and particular types of cancer. Alcohol increases estrogen in the body, a chemical that encourages the growth of cancer cells. However, a study says that the aromatase inhibitors AIs in red wine — and to a lesser extent, white wine — may reduce estrogen levels and increase testosterone in females approaching menopause. The wine press consists of a stainless steel cylinder with an inflatable rubber bladder inside.

The must is poured inside the cylinder and the bladder is inflated with air. The bladder squeezes the skins against the side of the cylinder and forces the juices out. The juices are collected and sent to the fermentation tanks. At some wineries, the skins are recycled to local nurseries for fertilizer. The must, whether from red grapes or pressed white grapes, is ultimately sent to the fermentation tanks.

The fermentation tanks are airtight, made of stainless steel and can hold 1, or 3, gallons 5, or 11, liters. The tanks are cooled with glycol to maintain a temperature in the F range 4-C range. The winemaker adds sugar and yeast to start the process of fermentation. The type of yeast and the amount of sugar added depends on the type of grape.

When the yeast first hits the must, concentrations of glucose sugar C6H12O6 are very high, so it is through diffusion that glucose enters the yeast. In fact, it keeps entering the yeast as long as there is glucose in the solution.

As each glucose molecule enters the yeast, it is broken down in a step process called glycolysis. The product of glycolysis is two three-carbon sugars, called pyruvates , and some ATP adenosine triphosphate. ATP supplies energy to the yeast and allows it to multiply. The overall reaction is:. The fermentation process takes about two to four weeks. During this time, the winemaker samples the fermenting must and measures the pH or acid levels to determine that the fermentation process is proceeding as it should.

Once the fermentation process is completed, red wines are sent to the press to separate the skins from the wine. The red wines are then filtered to remove the yeast.

White wines are allowed to settle and are filtered to remove the yeast. Once the yeasts are removed, the wines are stored in either stainless steel storage tanks or oak barrels oak gives many wines a characteristic flavor depending on the type of wine. In some red wines, a second type of fermentation, called malolactic fermentation , is undertaken while in storage. In malolactic fermentation, the winemaker adds a bacteria to the wine that breaks down malic acid , a byproduct of aerobic oxygen-requiring metabolism, into lactic acid , a byproduct of anaerobic no oxygen metabolism.

Lactic acid is a milder acid than malic acid. The aging process can be anywhere from three months to three years. Sulfur-containing compounds called sulfites are naturally found on grapes to retard the growth of bacteria and mildew. Most winemakers add sulfites to the wine to help stabilize it as it ages. However, some people are allergic to sulfites -- wines that are labelled as sulfite-free have had the sulfites chemically removed.

After the wine has aged sufficiently, as determined by the winemaker, it is time to bottle and package it for sale. The operator pumps the wine from the storage tank to the bottling machine. There, bottles are loaded by hand and a pre-measured amount of wine flows into each bottle. After each bottle is filled, the operator removes it and places it in the corking machine. The machine draws a vacuum inside the bottle that sucks the pre-loaded cork into the neck of the bottle. After the bottle is corked, the operator places the neck into the foil machine, which seals an aluminum foil wrapper over the cork.

Next, the operator moves the bottle to the labelling machine, where the winery's self-adhesive label is placed on the bottle. Finally, the operator loads the bottle into a case for shipping and distribution. Many wineries offer tours so you can see the winemaking process. They may also have tasting rooms where you can sample and purchase their products. The steps taken by commercial wineries can be carried out at home in a cool basement. Many people enjoy making their own wines from grapes that they have grown themselves, grapes that they have purchased or from other fruits, such as blackberries, strawberries, plums or peaches.

Most of Wine's development effort is geared towards programs written for the Windows GUI, but some limited support for character mode is available with the "null" driver. Wine automatically activates "null" whenever x11driver isn't loaded, but even then, Wine depends on the xorg libraries. Also the "null" driver will only work for pure console applications that never use any windowing functions for example, parts of OLE create purely internal windows. Wine does not currently allow sharing its configuration "prefixes" between users, due to the risk of registry corruption from running multiple wineservers simultaneously bug At present, applications must be installed separately for each user.

However, you can copy Wine prefixes; you can install everything to one prefix, then make a copy of it in each user's home directory. This saves running installers repeatedly. Wine requires your hardware to already be working on your operating system. The technical reason for this is that Wine, like most applications, runs in user mode and not kernel mode.

Just because Wine runs on a non-Windows OS doesn't mean you're protected from viruses, trojans, and other forms of malware. Wine does not sandbox in any way at all. When run under Wine, a Windows app can do anything your user can. Wine does not and cannot stop a Windows app directly making native syscalls, messing with your files, altering your startup scripts, or doing other nasty things. Note that the winetricks sandbox verb merely removes the desktop integration and Z: drive symlinks and is not a true sandbox.

It protects against errors rather than malice. It's useful for, e. The problem is that these programs conflict with Wine over the display driver. Disable these programs before using any applications with Wine especially games, or when noticing weird window problems. Recent versions of Wine will prompt you to download wine-mono on wineprefix creation. For many.

NET apps, particularly older ones, this is sufficient. You can install it by running winetricks and selecting the appropriate. NET version. Note that native. Wine itself provides a DirectX implementation that, although it has a few bugs left, should run fine. Wine supports DirectX 9. Work on DirectX 10 is underway. If you attempt to install Microsoft's DirectX, you will run into problems.

It is not recommended nor supported by Wine HQ to attempt this. You can install the runtime, but it will not run. The runtime needs access to the Windows drivers, and Wine cannot access them for obvious reasons.

Additionally, versions of these DLLs are now part of the Wine tree. So, as Wine improves these DLLs will only become less relevant. That said, there are some guides out there which describe how you can install Microsoft's DirectX.

We reiterate: it is not recommended nor supported by Wine HQ to attempt this. Furthermore it is considered off topic in Wine HQ support mediums such as the forums. Wine uses the core of Firefox to implement its own Internet Explorer replacement wine-gecko. Recent versions of Wine should prompt you to install it on wineprefix creation. In most cases Wine's IE replacement wine-gecko is sufficient. If you really need the real IE for a specific application to work, use winetricks to install ie6, ie7 or ie8.

You should put IE in a separate wineprefix , with whatever app really needs it. Note that the Wine project does not support installing the real Internet Explorer, as it requires a huge number of native DLLs, which is hard to configure. Please do not ask the Wine project for help if you run into problems.

Copy protection uses several "dirty" methods to detect if discs are "real" or not. Some of these methods work in Wine but many do not, such as the extremely invasive StarForce system. Wine would need to be altered to allow for almost rootkit-like functionality of programs to get some of these copy protection schemes to work, so support is likely to be a long time off if ever some people use illegally modified or "cracked" games with the copy protection removed, but the Wine project cannot advocate that.

There are many unofficial howtos for various apps posted on blogs and forums. They are rarely maintained by their authors, and because of Wine's rapid rate of development, even ones that were correct at the time they were posted can quickly become outdated. Applying tweaks that are no longer needed in current Wine can actually prevent an app that now runs fine without tweaks from working at all Office is a prime example.

The only howtos supported here are the ones on this site. If you insist on following an outside one, ask its author for help. If in doubt, start again installing the app in a fresh wineprefix and ask for help on the user forum.

Consult the support channels for whatever third party application you used. Links to some of these outside applications are provided as a convenience on the Third Party Applications page, but they are not supported here. This is called a regression. Please perform a regression test to identify which patch caused it, then file a bug report and add the "regression" keyword: we'll pay special attention to it, since regressions are a lot easier to fix when caught early.

Briefly, you can improve Wine yourself, convince someone else to do it for you, or try some complicated hacks involving native Windows DLLs rather than Wine's unfinished ones. This is a bad idea. See the Developer FAQ. See 3D Driver Issues for more information. Actually, Wine is sometimes faster. The speed of an application depends on a lot of factors: the available hardware and their drivers, the quality of the code in the APIs the application uses, and the quality of the code in the underlying operating system.

Driver code matters a lot. If you're running a graphics-heavy application using a video card with very poor drivers such as an ATI card under Linux, performance will degrade substantially. On the other hand, Linux has superior memory management, and comes out ahead of Windows in many CPU-related tasks.

Sometimes, bugs in Wine can make applications excessively slow. That said, Wine works on correctness first, performance second. Ignore them. Generally speaking, a fixme message will not make much sense to someone unfamiliar with Wine development. They are for Wine developers. Also, it's important to understand that fixme messages often do not indicate a serious problem. Many applications will work fine even though Wine prints a few fixme messages.

That said, they can still sometimes provide insight into how a particular application works or doesn't work. If there are a very large number of these messages scrolling repeatedly, you can sometimes speed Wine up a little by turning them off altogether. For example, your command line could look something like:. More advanced users and programmers interested in debugging Wine should see Debug Channels and the Developers wiki pages.

Here's an example to selectively turn off fixme messages from dsound and part of D3D only:. You can then copy the log from the screen and paste it into a file if it's short; otherwise redirect the output of wine to a file using a Unix shell redirection , e. Important : Unless you have been asked specifically to provide a debug trace then do not do so.

Simply follow the instructions above. Important : If you get a crash dialog while doing this, please click Close. Otherwise your log will be incomplete. Important : If the resulting text file doesn't have names of C source files in it, your copy of wine probably lacks debugging symbols.

Please either build wine from source, or install the debug symbols package. Note : Please only use this procedure when instructed. In most cases a regular terminal output is enough see above. To retrieve a trace, run:. If the resulting file is larger than 1 MB, compress it with bzip2 or rzip before attaching.

Please mention that in the bug report. For a list of debug channels that are available in Wine, see Debug Channels. If you ran the program from a terminal window by typing wine program. If you ran the application some other way, such as from a launcher shortcut, then you can open up a terminal and forcibly kill the process:. You can also open up a Wine version of the Windows task manager by running wine taskmgr in a terminal.

This will allow you to kill individual Wine processes. If you are getting a complete deadlock and are unable to even use your mouse after running Wine, it's probably not a specific problem with the Wine software. Wine is a user-level process, and shouldn't be able to completely hang the operating system under any circumstances.

Instead, Wine is likely exposing a deeper problem with the system, such as a defective hardware driver, a bad memory stick, or overclocking flakiness. It's often a graphics driver problem, in which case non-Wine apps might also be affected. If running glxgears also crashes, it's definitely a graphics driver problem. The most common cause is upgrading to a new kernel without also updating the graphics drivers to match. Try reinstalling your graphics drivers. If the computer is a laptop and shutting itself off entirely, a likely cause is overheating.

Some laptops have problems with cooling to begin with, and the Linux ACPI code controlling fans is known to be buggy. If that doesn't help, ask for help on the wine-users forum. Maybe someone can help. You may have a messed-up.

For instance, if you install an app that starts a service when the system boots, and that service crashes, you'll see a crash every time you start wine. To work around this, try removing your. They sometimes forget to, and rely on you to already have the DLL or font installed.

You can install the missing DLL or font in several ways:. Do not download DLLs or scripts from websites you do not know and trust!

Fake or infected DLLs can cause you great pain, even on Wine. See the winetricks wiki page for more information on winetricks. Your operating system is probably living in the past, and has too low a hard limit on the number of open file descriptors.

Then log out and log in again, and do ulimit -H -n. It should show now, and Wine should have access to more file descriptors. Here's another method that's more portable might even work on Mac OS X , but only works temporarily, and only raises the limit for apps started from the current terminal window:.

This issue is being followed in bug The cause is a Linux kernel setting. Please record if you do this alteration, as the area Wine needs may change. See Preloader Page Zero Problem for more information. And running Wine as root is a bad idea. Fortunately newer versions of Linux allow granular permission control to grant only required permissions to specified files.

Note : This works with default binary Wine install only on most distros. The Bit name is winepreloader. You will need to rerun the command after updating Wine.

Beginning with Wine 5. This is disabled by default because it carries a potential security risk, and the vast majority of applications do not need that capability.

This can be caused by filesystems mounted with user or noexec options, or by SELinux. Make sure the app in question isn't on a funny filesystem, or try disabling SELinux temporarily. RandR is a protocol used by applications to talk to the X server to change screen resolution, among other things.

This could present problems, particularly in software that attempts to change resolution or output to multiple monitors.

See bug